Midreshet Lindenbaum - PARSHAT VEZOT HABRACHA

Parshat Bereishit
Rav Menachem Leibtag

1. QUESTIONS FOR PREPARATION
2. SHIUR ON PARSHAT BEREISHIT

Parshat Breishit - Questions for Self Study Part I:

Questions for the 'Shabbos Table'

What's in a Name?
As you study Parshat Breishit, you'll notice several instances when names are given, either by God or by man. To help you find the significance of this, the following questions will give you some direction:

1. As we are familiar, in our daily lives we use names when addressing others. Is it common that people give significance to these names, or are they no different than calling someone by let's say a 'id number' (or just 'hey you')? In general, how does a 'name' relate to the nature of a relationship between people? [Can you bring examples of 'special' names given between people who share a more intense relationship (of either love or hate)?]
2. Note the names that God gives to His Creations in the first chapter of Breishit (see 1:5, 1:8, 1:10, and 5:1-2!). Note in which days (and stages) of creation these names are given. Is there a pattern? In what manner to those creations (to which God gave names) relate to our daily life and our relationship with Him?
3. In chapter two of Breishit, to whom (or what) does God give names? Then review 2:18-25, noting that man also gives names to certain items of creation. Can you discern a pattern? What is the meaning of these names that man gives, and how does it relate to his relationship with those creations?
4. Note the names given to Adam's children in 4:1-2. Where else in Chumash do we find not only a name being given to a child, but also a reason for that name? [You should be able to note many examples.]
5. Now, carefully read last two psukim of chapter four (4:25-26). Who is naming these children, and what is the meaning of each name? Then, pay careful attention to the final phrase - "uz huchal l'kro b'shem Hashem". Attempt to explain what this phrase means, especially what it means to 'call out in God's Name'. Is man giving (or not giving) a name to God? If so (based the above questions), can you explain why this may be significant? If you have time, study the controversy among the commentators in their explanation of this pasuk! [See Rashi, Seforno, Ibn Ezra, etc.] For more detail, see question #1 in the Parshanut section below.
6. With 4:26 in mind, note the name of Noach's 'most important' son (see 5:32, i.e. the one who receives the best blessing in Breishit 9:25-27)? Can you suggest a reason why this name "shem" may be significant, and why Noach chose it for his son? Based on 4:26, what do you think was Noach's hope for the future of this son? Did anyone 'special' ever emerge from Shem's descendants (note Breishit 11:10-26!)?
7. Finally, note what Avraham does immediately upon his arrival in Eretz Canaan, after he builds a mizbayach in Bet-el, as described in Breishit 12:5-8. Note also 13:1-4! Can you explain why this may (or must) be significant? [Be sure to see Ramban on 12:8!]
8. Based on these questions, what in your opinion is the connection between God giving a name, and man giving a name? Can you identify an ultimate goal in this process? [The TSC shiurim on Parshiot Noach & Lech Lcha will relate to the topic alluded to in these questions.]

Part II: Questions for Preparation (for weekly shiur)

The TSC shiur on Parshat Breishit will discuss the meaning of the 'double presentation' by Chumash of the story of Creation. The following question will help guide your preparation.]
Perek Aleph [Chapter One of Sefer Breishit]

1. Quickly scan from 1:1 to 2:3 noting how (and why) these psukim form a distinct unit. As you note its division into seven individual "parshiot", note how each of these parshiot are both similar and different. Be sure that you understand (and can identify) the special literary style that Chumash uses to create this unit. How would you title this entire unit?
2. As you go through chapter one, make note of the key phrases that are repeated on each day (e.g. "va'yomer Elokim...", va'yar Elokim...", "va'yhi erev...", etc.). Until where does this pattern continue? Can you explain why? Relating to this pattern (created by these repeated phrases), determine what phrase introduces each day. Then, determine precisely what the 'primary' creation of each day was. Are there certain days that contain two 'primary' stages of Creation? If so what are they, and how are they related? After doing so, try to subdivide the six days of Creation into two sub-units: the first three days and the second three days. Carefully compare the primary creation of each of these days in each set (i.e., compare day #1 to day #4, day #2 to day #5, and day #3 to day #6.) If you notice a pattern, attempt to explain its meaning?
3. As you review this chapter, note as well each time the verb "bara" (to create) is used in its active form (in chapter one). To the best of your recollection, is this verb ever used again in Chumash (after chapter one)? If so, where? Whenever this verb is used in Chumash, does it describe an act of God or an act of man? Can you explain the difference between the meaning of the words "bara" and "yatzar" (e.g., see 2:7,19)? Does the word "yatzar" refer to something that man is capable of doing? [Relate this to what is forbidden to do on Shabbat, and why.]
4. Review once again the items that God created described by the Hebrew verb "bara". [Note what takes place in 1:1, at the beginning of the fifth day, and when man is created on the sixth day.] Can you discern a pattern that may be significant? Is there anything 'evolutionary' in this pattern?
5. After the seven days, it appears that this process of creation is complete. In your opinion, is this creation 'static' or 'dynamic'? For example, there is a certain characteristic of 'survival of the species' that applies to all living things created on the third, fifth and sixth days? [Note this - based on 1:11-12,21-22, and 1:25-28.] Relate this to what we refer to as 'nature'. In other words, would it be correct to say that 'nature' was created in chapter one?
6. Is 'nature' a phenomena that man can discern on his own? If so, how would this relate to what the Torah informs us in Perek Aleph? Is it clear to man where nature comes from, or who controls it? Relate you answers to what may be significant in regard to Perek Aleph.

* Begins with the phrase: "VA'YOMER ELOKIM...", heralding a new stage of creation (see 1:3,6,9,14,20,24);
* Continues with "VA'YAR ELOKIM� KI TOV" (see 1:4,10,12,18,21,31);
* Concludes with "VAYHI EREV VAYHI BOKER, YOM..." (see 1:5,8,13,19,23,31).

Furthermore, within this section, God's Name is exclusively "shem Elokim" (in contrast to the use of "shem Havaya" in the next section). Finally, the use of the Hebrew verb "bara" (to create ex nihilo - something from nothing) is also unique to this section. In addition to this special structure, the content of PEREK ALEPH also indicates that it should be considered a self-contained unit, as it presents a COMPLETE story of creation. For example, note how the introductory sentence is 'matched' by the finale:
The section opens with:
"BREISHIT (in the beginning), BARA ELOKIM - God created SHAMAYIM and ARETZ... (1:1-2)
And concludes with:
"VAYCHULU [Then came the completion of] ha'SHAMAYIM v'ha'ARETZ... "asher BARA ELOKIM" - that God created." (2:1-3)

While this 'match' provides us with a 'technical' reason to treat 1:1 through 2:3 as a distinct unit, their content provides with a thematic reason as well. Let's explain:
Note how the opening two psukim first describe the pre-creation state of - TOHU VA'VAHU - total CHAOS (see 1:1-2). In contrast to this original chaos, at the conclusion of the six days of creation we find a STRUCTURED UNIVERSE in a state of perfect order. This is emphasized by the closing statement in 2:1-3 where God blesses the seventh day... for on it He ceased from all of His work.

PEREK BET

The next unit is 2:4-3:24, better known as PEREK BET. As you review these two chapters,, note how they appear to present a conflicting account of the story of Creation. For example, note that:

1) Nothing can grow before God creates man (see 2:5), therefore:
2) God creates man FIRST (2:6-7), then:
3) God plants a garden for man, vegetation develops (2:8-14);
4) God gives man the job to work and guard this garden (2:15);
5) God commands man re: what he can/cannot eat (2:16-17);
6) God creates animals for the sake of man (2:18-20)
7) God creates a wife for man, from his own rib (2:21-25).

Clearly, the order of creation is very different. In PEREK BET we find that man is created FIRST, and everything afterward (i.e. the plants and the animals) are created FOR him. In contrast, even though PEREK ALEPH places man the pinnacle of God's Creation, it does not depict man as its primary purpose.
In addition, there are several other obvious differences between these two sections:
* Throughout this section, God's Name is no longer simply ELOKIM, rather the name HASHEM ELOKIM (better known as "shem Havaya").
* In contrast to the consistent use of verb "bara" (creation from nothing) in PEREK ALEPH, PEREK BET uses the verb "ya'tzar" (creation from something'/ see 2:7,19).

Although it is possible to reconcile these apparent contradictions (as many commentators do), the question remains - Why does the Torah present these two accounts in a manner that at least appears to be conflicting?
We obviously cannot accept the claim of the Bible critics that these two sections reflect two conflicting ancient traditions. As we believe that the entire Torah was given by God at Har Sinai (and hence stems from one source), we must conclude that this special manner of presentation is intentional and should carry a prophetic message. Since this is a very fundamental point, let's take a minute to explain why.

WHAT IS "NEVUAH"

Before opening a book of any sort, the reader will usually have some idea of what to expect, based on the type of book that he has chosen. For example, when you read a history book, you expect to find history; in a science book you expect to find scientific facts; and when you read a novel you expect to find drama and/or entertainment. In a similar manner, when one reads (or studies) Chumash, he should expect to find "nevuah"; but what does that mean?
The popular translation of "nevuah" - prophecy - may be misleading, for it implies the ability to see (or predict) the future. In Tanach, that is not the primary mission of a prophet. Technically speaking, a "navi" is a 'spokesman' [usually for God]. Even though this may at times include the prediction of certain events, his primary job is to deliver God's message to man. [Similarly, a "navi Baal" - is a spokesman for the Baal god. A "navi sheker" is one who claims to be speaking in the name of God, but instead is making it up himself. In other words, anyone speaking for any type of a god can be called a "navi".]
[Note that the Hebrew word "niv" - a 'saying' - stems from the same root - see also Yeshayahu 57:19 - "borey niv sfatayim"]

To clarify this point, let's take an example from God's appointment of Moshe Rabeinu to be His "navi".
Recall how God first commanded Moshe: "... SPEAK to Pharoah, king of Egypt, everything that I tell you" (6:29); i.e. to becomes His "navi" = spokesman. Moshe first declines, explaining: "... see I am of impeded speech [aral s'fataim], how then would Pharoah listen to me?" (see 6:30).
To solve this problem, God offers a compromise of sorts. Moshe will remain God's spokesman, but now due to his 'speech problems', Moshe himself needs a spokesman - towards that purpose Aharon is appointed to become Moshe's NAVI. Note how the Torah explains this:

"And God responded to Moshe, see - I have appointed you as [a spokesman of] God to Pharoh, but Aharon your brother will be your NAVI - i.e. your spokesman. You will say [to Aharon] everything that I command you, and Aharon your brother will speak unto Pharoah..." (see 7:1-2)

Hence, a sefer of "nevuah" must be a book that delivers a message from God to man, delivered by His spokesman - the "navi". Therefore, when we study a book of "nevuah", we should expect it to contain a message from God to man. Therefore, as we study Sefer Breishit, we must assume that purpose of the Torah's presentation of the story of Creation must relate to the nature of his relationship with God.
Two renowned Torah scholars of this century have discussed this issue of the two creations stories at length. The analytical aspect, the approach of "shtei bechinot" (two perspectives), has been exhausted by Rabbi Mordechei Breuer in his book Pirkei Breishit. The philosophical implications have been discussed by Rav Soloveichik ZT"L in his article 'The Lonely Man of Faith' (re: Adam I & Adam II).
It is beyond the scope of this shiur to summarize these two approaches (it is recommended that you read them). Instead, we will simply conduct a basic analysis of PEREK ALEPH & PEREK BET and offer some thoughts with regard to its significance. This will provide a background for those who wish to pursue this topic in greater depth. With this in mind, we begin our analysis in an attempt to find the primary message of each of these two sections. We begin with Perek Aleph.

PEREK ALEPH - THE CREATION OF NATURE

As we mentioned above, each day of creation in Perek Aleph begins with the phrase "va'yomer Elokim" followed a description of what God creates on that day. As your review this chapter, note that there is one primary creation that is introduced by each "va'yomer". [Note also that days three and six have two "va'yomer" stages!] The following list summarizes what was created on each day, based on each introductory "va'yomer...":

DAY # GOD CREATED...

I. "OR" = LIGHT

II. "RAKIYA" - separating:
A. the MAYIM above [=SHAMAYIM], and
B. the MAYIM below [=YAMIM].

IIIa. "YABASHA", called the ARETZ (the Land) -

IIIb. Vegetation (on that ARETZ)
A. seed-bearing plants / "esev mazria zera"
B. fruit-bearing trees / "etz pri oseh pri"

IV. LIGHTS in the SHAMAYIM (sun, moon, stars etc.)

V. LIVING CREATURES:
A. birds in the sky [=RAKIYA SHAMAYIM]
B. fish in the sea [=MAYIM]

VIa. LIVING CREATURES who live on the ARETZ (land) animals - all forms

VIb. MAN - b'tzelem Elokim, blessed by God to dominate all other living creatures
Then, God assigns the appropriate food for these living creatures:
1. Man - can eat vegetables and fruit (see 1:29)
2. animals - can eat only vegetables - (see 1:30)

VII. SHABBAT
God rested, His Creation was complete.
Now, let's turn our list into a table. If we line up the first three days against the last three days, we find a rather amazing parallel:
DAYS 1-3 DAYS 4-6

I. LIGHT IV. LIGHTS in the heavens
II. RAKIYA SHAMAYIM (above) V .Living things:
Birds in the SHAMAYIM MAYIM (below the sea) Fish in MAYIM

III. ARETZ (land)
Seed bearing plants
Fruit bearing trees VI. Animals & Man on the ARETZ
Plants to be eaten by the Animals
Fruit of trees, to be eaten by Man

This suggests that the potential of God's creation in the first three days is actualized in the last three days, but the deeper meaning of this parallel is beyond the scope of the shiur. For our purposes, this shows once again how PEREK ALEPH must be considered a distinct unit that describes the creation of a very structured universe. This established, we must now ask ourselves what precisely was created in these six days, and what can we learn from this style of its presentation.

DIVINE EVOLUTION

We mentioned earlier that PEREK ALEPH contains a complete story of the process of Creation. In contrast to a primal state of total chaos, after six days we find a beautifully structured universe containing all of the various forms of life that we are familiar with; including plants, animals, and man.
Note that the Torah emphasizes that each form of life is created in a manner that guarantees its survival, i.e. its ability to reproduce:

a. plants: "esev mazria zera" - seed-bearing vegetation
"etz pri oseh pri" - fruit-bearing trees (1:11-12)
b. fish and fowl: "pru u'rvu"- be fruitful & multiply (1:22)
c. Man: "pru u'rvu..." - be fruitful & multiply (1:28)

One could summarize and simply state that the end result of this creation process is what we call NATURE - in other words - the exact opposite of TOHU VA'VAHU. What PEREK ALEPH describes then, is God's creation of nature, the entire material universe and its phenomena. It informs us that nature itself, with all its complexities and wonders, was a willful act of GOD. By keeping Shabbat, resting on the seventh day, as God did, we assert our belief that God is the power behind nature.
This analysis helps us understand why the Torah uses God's name -Elokim - throughout this entire chapter. As Ramban explains (toward the end of his commentary on 1:1), the Hebrew word "el" implies someone with power (or strength) and in control. Therefore, "shem ELOKIM" implies the master of all of the many forces of nature. [This explains why God's Name is in the plural form- for He is all of the powers / see also Rav Yehuda ha'Levi, in Sefer Kuzari, beginning of Book Four.]

This understanding can help us appreciate the Torah's use of the verb "bara" in PEREK ALEPH. Recall that "bara" implies creation ex-nihilo, something from nothing. Now, note the THREE active uses of the verb "bara" in PEREK ALEPH. They are precisely where we find the creation of each of the basic forms of life (i.e. plants, animals, and man), reflecting the three fundamental steps in the evolutionary development of nature:
* STEP I - All matter and plants -

"Breishit BARA Elokim et ha'SHAMAYIM v'et ha'ARETZ" (1:1)

This includes everything in the SHAMAYIM and on the ARETZ, i.e. the creation of all "domem" (inanimate objects) and "tzomeyach" (plants). Note that this takes place during the first FOUR days of Creation.
* STEP II - The animal kingdom

"va'YIVRA Elokim - and God created the TANINIM and all living creatures... by their species"(1:21)

This includes the birds, fish, animals, and beasts etc. which are created on the fifth and sixth days.
* STEP III - Man

"va'YIVRA Elokim et ha'ADAM..." (1:27)

The creation of man b'tzelem Elokim, in God's image.

THE TORAH'S FIRST STORY

Now we must ponder what may be the Torah's message in telling man that the creation of nature was a willful act of God? In his daily life, man encounters a constant relationship with nature, i.e. with his surroundings and environment. Man does not need the Torah to inform him that nature exists; it stares him in the face every day. Nor, can man avoid nature, rather he must constantly contemplate it, and struggle with it.
Without the Torah's message, one could easily conclude that nature is the manifestation of many gods - a rain god, a sun god, a fertility god, war gods, etc. - as ancient man believed. Nature was attributed to a pantheon of gods, often warring with one another.
In contrast, modern man usually arrives at quite the opposite conclusion -- that nature just exists, and doesn't relate to any form of god at all.
One could suggest that Chumash begins with story of Creation, for man's relationship with God is based on his recognition that nature is indeed the act of one God. He created the universe for a purpose, and continues to oversee it. Now we must explain how this relates to man himself.

MAN IN PEREK ALEPH

In Perek Aleph, man emerges not only as the climax of the creation process, but also as its MASTER:

"And God blessed man saying: Be fruitful and multiply, fill the earth and MASTER it, and RULE the fish of the sea, and the birds in the sky, and the living things that creep on the earth..." (1:28).

Note that this is God's BLESSING to man, and NOT a commandment! One could consider this 'blessing' almost as a definition of man's very nature. Just as it is 'natural' for vegetation to grow ["esev mazria zera"], and for all living things to reproduce ["pru u'rvu"], it is also 'natural' for man to dominate his environment; it becomes his natural instinct.
The Torah's use of the verb "bara" at each major stage of creation, and then to describe the creation of man may shed light on this topic. When contemplating nature and his relationship with the animal kingdom, man might easily conclude that he is simply just another part of the animal kingdom. He may be more advanced or developed than the 'average monkey', but biologically he is no different. The Torah's use of the verb "bara" to describe God's creation of man informs us that man is a completely new category of creation. He is created "b'tzelem Elokim", in the image of God, i.e. he possesses a spiritual potential, unlike any other form of nature. [See the Rambam in the very beginning of Moreh N'vuchim (I.1), where he defines "tzelem Elokim" as the characteristic of man that differentiates him from animal.]
Perek Aleph teaches man to recognize that his nature to dominate all other living things is also an act of God's creation. However, he must ask himself, "Towards what purpose?" Did God simply create man, or does He continue to have a relationship with His creation? Is the fate of man out of His control, or does a connection exist between man's deeds and God's "hashgacha" (providence) over him?
The answer to this question lies in PEREK BET!

PEREK BET - MAN IN GAN EDEN

Perek Bet presents the story of creation from a totally different perspective. Although it opens with a pasuk that connects these two stories (2:4), it continues by describing man in an environment that is totally different than that of PEREK ALEPH. In PEREK BET, man is the focal point of the entire creation process. Almost every act taken by God is for the sake of man:

* No vegetation can grow before man is created (2:5)
* God plants a special garden for man to live in (2:8)
* God 'employs' man to 'work in his garden' (2:15)
* God creates the animals in an attempt to find him a companion (2:19/ compare with 2:7!)
* God creates a wife for man (2:21-23)

In contrast to Perek Aleph, where man's job is to be dominant over God's creation, in Perek Bet man must be obedient and work for God, taking care of the Garden:

"And God took man and placed him in Gan Eden - L'OVDAH u'l'SHOMRAH - to work in it and guard it." (2:15)

Most significantly, in PEREK BET man enters into a relationship with God that contains REWARD and PUNISHMENT, i.e. he is now responsible for his actions. For the first time in Chumash, we find that God COMMANDS man:

"And Hashem Elokim commanded man saying: From all the trees of the Garden YOU MAY EAT, but from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Bad YOU MAY NOT EAT, for on the day you eat from it YOU WILL SURELY DIE... " (2:16-17)

This special relationship between man and God in Gan Eden, is paradigmatic of other relationships between man and God found later on in Chumash (e.g. in the Mishkan).
God's Name in PEREK BET - HASHEM ELOKIM (better known as "shem HAVAYA") - reflects this very concept. The shem HAVAYA comes from the shoresh (root) - "l'hiyot" (to be, i.e. to be present). This Name stresses that Gan Eden is an environment in which man can recognize God's presence, thus enabling the possibility of a relationship.
Should man obey God, he can remain in the Garden, enjoying a close relationship with God. However, should he disobey, he is to die. In the next chapter, this 'death sentence' is translated into man's banishment from Gan Eden. In biblical terms, becoming distanced from God is tantamount to death. [See Devarim 30:15?20.]
In the Gan Eden environment, man is confronted with a conflict between his "taava" (desire) and his obligation to obey God. The "nachash" (serpent, recognizing this weakness, challenges man to question the very existence of this Divine relationship (3:1-4). When man succumbs to his desires and disobeys God, he is banished from the Garden.
Whether or not man can return to this ideal environment will later emerge as an important biblical theme.

A DUAL EXISTENCE

From PEREK ALEPH, we learn that God is indeed the Creator of nature, yet that recognition does not necessarily imply that man can develop a personal relationship with Him. The environment created in PEREK BET, although described in physical terms, is of a more spiritual nature, for in it, God has created everything specifically for man. However, in return he must obey God in order to enjoy this special relationship. In this environment, the fate of man is a direct function of his deeds.
So which story of Creation is 'correct', PEREK ALEPH or PEREK BET? As you probably have guessed - both, for in daily life man finds himself involved in both a physical and spiritual environment.
Man definitely exists in a physical world in which he must confront nature and find his purpose within its framework (PEREK ALEPH). There, he must struggle with nature in order to survive, yet he must realize that God Himself is the master over all of these Creations. However, at the same time, man also exists in a spiritual environment that allows him to develop a relationship with his Creator (PEREK BET). In it, he can find spiritual life by following God's commandments while striving towards perfection. Should he not recognize the existence of this potential, he defaults to spiritual death, man's greatest punishment.

Why does the Torah begin with this 'double' story of Creation? We need only to quote the Ramban (in response to this question, which is raised by the first Rashi of Chumash):

"There is a great need to begin the Torah with the story of Creation, for it is the "shoresh ha'emunah", the very root of our belief in God."

Understanding man's potential to develop a relationship with God on the spiritual level, while recognizing the purpose of his placement in a physical world as well, should be the first topic of Sefer Breishit, for it will emerge as a primary theme of the entire Torah.

For more articles by Rav Menachem Leibtag, visit his web site, www.tanach.org

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